I. Niesten1*, A.J.F. Hoitink1, Y.Huismans2
1 Wageningen University and Research
2 Deltares
*corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Introduction
After major storm surge protection works in the Rhine-Meuse Delta, referred to as the Delta Works (Vellinga et al., 2014), the New Waterway has become the only remaining open channel connecting the estuary to the North Sea. Like in many harbour areas, continuous deepening of this channel for navigation purposes has led to strong stratification and often salt wedge conditions, which likely has a strong impact on the marine sediment import. The sediment balance for various fractions is highly uncertain (Cox et al., 2021). Based on field measurements and sediment transport modelling, we aim to unravel the mechanisms controlling residual sediment fluxes in highly stratified estuarine channels, by focusing on the New Waterway.
Methods
A measurement campaign was set up consisting of two 13-hour surveys, one during spring tide and one during neap tide. Flow was monitored continuously based on a vessel-mounted ADCP, at an along-channel transect (~3 km) and a cross-channel transect (~300 m). A measurement frame was equipped with a LISST-100x, a Seapoint turbidity meter and a CTD probe. Suspended sediment samples are collected every hour at three depths, next to water temperature, salinity and turbidity.
Results
The ADCP-measurements show a clear distinction in flow magnitude and direction between the upper fresh water layer and lower saline layer, confirming the high degree of stratification especially during neap tide. After low water slack, most suspended sediment is found in the lower half of the water column. Suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) increase during the flood acceleration phase, suggesting local resuspension during this phase of the tide. When reaching high water slack, SSCs decrease with flow velocity. At high water slack, the ADCP-backscatter profiles indicate settling of the suspended sediment on top of the pycnocline. During the ebb phase, SSCs increase again, and the water column is better mixed compared to the flood phase. Preliminary results of the grain size analysis indicate coarsening of the suspended sediment at the end of the flood acceleration and ebb acceleration phases. Ongoing analysis of these data and numerical modelling of SSC will provide more insight in the suspended sediment transport processes under various degrees of stratification.
Figure 1: Two flow- and backscatter profiles recorded along the New Waterway during neap tide. Left panel: during the flood phase, sediment is concentrated in the lower half of the water column and the velocity maximum is located around the pycocline as observed in De Nijs et al. (2011). Right panel: around HWS, suspended sediment settles around the height of the pycnocline.
References
Cox, J. R., Huismans, Y., Knaake, S. M., Leuven, J. R. F. W., Vellinga, N. E., van der Vegt, M., et al. (2021). Anthropogenic effects on the contemporary sediment budget of the lower Rhine-Meuse Delta channel network. Earth's Future, 9, e2020EF001869. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001869.
Nijs, Michel A. J. de, Julie D. Pietrzak, en Johan C. Winterwerp. 'Advection of the Salt Wedge and Evolution of the Internal Flow Structure in the Rotterdam Waterway'. Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, nr. 1 (januari 2011): 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4228.1.
Vellinga, N. E., A. J. F. Hoitink, M. van der Vegt, W. Zhang, en P. Hoekstra. 'Human Impacts on Tides Overwhelm the Effect of Sea Level Rise on Extreme Water Levels in the Rhine–Meuse Delta'. Coastal Engineering 90 (1 augustus 2014): 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2014.04.005.
